Where can I get mining lasers, turret conduits and ship blueprints?

Mostly from your faction's Quartermaster, for Merits; turret conduits from the blueprint merchant.

• Mining lasers: the faction Quartermaster sells them cheaply for Merits.
• Turret conduits: the blueprint merchant in Greylock is your best bet.
• Ship blueprints: from loot, from the Quartermaster (Faction quality, for Merits), or from other players in your faction.